Sstrhsrtj

I've read this question Can I resize the root partition without uninstalling and reinstalling Linux (or losing data)? before I ask. But I'm not using LVM when creating the root partition, so I'm not sure whether the solution for the linked question would work for my problem.

*@*:~$ uname -a

Linux * 3.2.0-4-686-pae #1 SMP Debian 3.2.60-1+deb7u1 i686 GNU/Linux

*@*:~$ sudo df -h

[sudo] password for *: 

Filesystem                                              Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

rootfs                                                  323M  259M   48M  85% /

udev                                                     10M     0   10M   0% /dev

tmpfs                                                   294M  636K  294M   1% /run

/dev/disk/by-uuid/da3f8ae3-c79f-4025-accb-1f64bf59ba84  323M  259M   48M  85% /

tmpfs                                                   5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock

tmpfs                                                   1.8G   43M  1.7G   3% /run/shm

/dev/sda9                                               442G   15G  404G   4% /home

/dev/sda8                                               368M   11M  339M   3% /tmp

/dev/sda5                                               8.3G  6.8G  1.1G  87% /usr

/dev/sda6                                               2.8G  500M  2.2G  19% /var



*@*:~$ sudo fdisk -l



Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x0005d608



   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sda1   *        2048      684031      340992   83  Linux

/dev/sda2          686078   976771071   488042497    5  Extended

/dev/sda5          686080    18262015     8787968   83  Linux

/dev/sda6        18264064    24121343     2928640   83  Linux

/dev/sda7        24123392    36278271     6077440   82  Linux swap / Solaris

/dev/sda8        36280320    37058559      389120   83  Linux

/dev/sda9        37060608   976771071   469855232   83  Linux





*@*:~$ mount

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,relatime,size=10240k,nr_inodes=217630,mode=755)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)

tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=300952k,mode=755)

/dev/disk/by-uuid/da3f8ae3-c79f-4025-accb-1f64bf59ba84 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)

tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)

tmpfs on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=1817380k)

/dev/sda9 on /home type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)

/dev/sda8 on /tmp type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)

/dev/sda5 on /usr type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)

/dev/sda6 on /var type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)

binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw,relatime)

gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/min/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000)



*@*:~$ cat /etc/fstab

# /etc/fstab: static file system information.

#

# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a

# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices

# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).

#

# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>

# / was on /dev/sda1 during installation

UUID=da3f8ae3-c79f-4025-accb-1f64bf59ba84 /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1

# /home was on /dev/sda9 during installation

UUID=a832e353-d0fc-4e87-81fa-d08c77f84e81 /home           ext4    defaults        0       2

# /tmp was on /dev/sda8 during installation

UUID=5f3e0eab-4f75-44a1-81af-c450d4ff301d /tmp            ext4    defaults        0       2

# /usr was on /dev/sda5 during installation

UUID=b4c895ff-cb26-4c65-bcd7-3f6cd986756e /usr            ext4    defaults        0       2

# /var was on /dev/sda6 during installation

UUID=8bedb184-389f-4295-9612-c28a94c81b1e /var            ext4    defaults        0       2

# swap was on /dev/sda7 during installation

UUID=976ec3fe-7b8e-436b-8c52-05be582f4e32 none            swap    sw              0       0

/dev/sr0        /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 user,noauto     0       0

#/dev/sdb4       /media/usb0     auto    rw,user,noauto  0       0



*@*:~$ sudo vgdisplay

  No volume groups found

*@*:~$ sudo lvdisplay

  No volume groups found

Hope someone could give me some advice or material that I can refer to, thanks~

Your root filesystem seems to be on /dev/sda1 (although between the dump of information you give, the useful information as to which partition has UUID da3f8ae3-c79f-4025-accb-1f64bf59ba84 is not available. It could be on another disc altogether).

In your case that is quite difficult to extend as you have an extended partition directly following it. What you could do is:

1. shrink the /home filesystem


2. remove and recreated /dev/sda9 (/home) with the same starting block to make enough space for a new partition


3. create the partition, create ext4 filesystem and copy everything from /dev/sda1 there


4. update the etc/fstab located on that partition and update the UUID of / thenupdate-grub and reboot and try to select the new entry

An alternative and possible less error prone (since no resizing is involved) route would be to merge the data of sda1 and sda5 and make sda1 /boot:

1. boot from CD


2. 
   

   mount sda5 on /tmp/sda5 and do:

   
   
   

   mkdir /tmp/sda5/usr
   
   mv /tmp/sda5/* /tmp/sda5/usr
   
   

   
   
   

   (this will of course complain about not being able to mover usr into itself)

   
   



3. mount sda1 on /tmp/sda1 and copy everything from /tmp/sda1 to /tmp/sda5 except for /tmp/sda1/boot



4. remove everything on /tmp/sda1 except for the boot directory and its contents


5. remove the entry for /usr from the fstab and create one for /boot (on sda1).


6. update the entry for / in fstab


7. run update-grub, check the menu entry in boot.cfg and reboot

In either case do not start any of this without making a full dump of the system (using dd) so you can restore the current situation.

It might be easier to buy a new disc and create the partition layout on it (with a larger sda1), create filesystems, copy the individuals partition contents and adjust the UUID in the fstab and boot.cfg.

You should IMO also try and find the person guilty for setting this system up in this way and make sure they repent their mistake.

Can you extend your root partition? Yes. But you can't do it online*, you need to boot off a live CD or USB stick. Any distribution will do, debian, fedora, kali, etc.

*: technically it can be done but it can get complicated;

Of course to do this you need to find some space. Without using LVM you need to find empty space on the disk immediately after the root partition (sda1? sda8? sda9? it's not obvious from the information you're sharing since root is mounted by UUID and not by the sd* reference -- blkid can show you this mapping).

You have two options:
- Either find space within the extended partition and move your root partition into a new one or;
- Use a spare disk on which you can recreate a new partition scheme and move all your data into it;

There's plenty of pitfalls into doing this, so I suggest keeping a clone of the disk while you try to make it work. If it fails you can always go back to where you started.

I appreciate this is quite high level, but yours is a problem that can be solved in a variety of ways.