立体障害






トリ(tert-ブチル)アミンはtert-テトラアルキルアンモニウムカチオンが生成しづらく求核置換反応が難しい。ブチル基の存在により窒素原子（青色）の孤立電子対に求電子剤が近づくことが出来ない。


立体障害（りったいしょうがい, steric effects）とは分子内および分子間で分子を構成する各部分がぶつかることによる回転などの制限のこと。


立体障害は化学では非常に大きな意味を持ち、（有機化学の試験で基質の反応性が違う理由の多くは立体障害、ほかには電子状態、溶媒効果、各種相互作用など）非常に重要である。一般の置換反応や付加反応における分子の反応中心への接近、LDAに代表される求核剤と塩基、アトロプ異性などのような結合周りの回転の制限や、不安定化合物の安定化、不斉合成における配位子設計など多くの場面に関わっている。


立体障害の大きな置換基としてはイソプロピル基、tert-ブチル基、メシチル基などが挙げられる。分子模型としてよく用いられている球棒モデル（原子を表す球と原子間の結合を表す棒からなる模型、右図右）ではあまり実感がわかないが、CPKモデル（右図左）を用いると立体障害がいかに大きな意味を持つかがよく分かる。



関連項目


  • 求核置換反応



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