Finding a function from the given equation











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Let f be a polynomial satisfying $f(x^2)-xf(x) = x^4(x^2-1), x in R^+$. Then which of the following is correct?

A) f is an even function

B) f is an odd function

C) $lim_{xto infty} frac{f(x)}{x^3}=1$

D $lim_{xto infty} bigg(frac{f(x)}{x^2}-x bigg)$ exist and is equal to a non-zero quantity.




I have no idea what to do here.



Looking at the options, one thing I could guess is that the question wants us to find $f(x)$. After an analysis of few minutes, I could guess $f(x) = x^3$. But that gives me the answer as B), C). But the answer given is just C).



Any help would be appreciated.










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  • To ay that B) is true it is not enough to give one example. There may be other solutions which are not odd.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    Check the condition that says this polynomial is only satisfied when $x epsilon R^+$. So you don't know if the function is odd or not.
    – Sauhard Sharma
    1 hour ago

















up vote
1
down vote

favorite
1













Let f be a polynomial satisfying $f(x^2)-xf(x) = x^4(x^2-1), x in R^+$. Then which of the following is correct?

A) f is an even function

B) f is an odd function

C) $lim_{xto infty} frac{f(x)}{x^3}=1$

D $lim_{xto infty} bigg(frac{f(x)}{x^2}-x bigg)$ exist and is equal to a non-zero quantity.




I have no idea what to do here.



Looking at the options, one thing I could guess is that the question wants us to find $f(x)$. After an analysis of few minutes, I could guess $f(x) = x^3$. But that gives me the answer as B), C). But the answer given is just C).



Any help would be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Tony is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.




















  • To ay that B) is true it is not enough to give one example. There may be other solutions which are not odd.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    Check the condition that says this polynomial is only satisfied when $x epsilon R^+$. So you don't know if the function is odd or not.
    – Sauhard Sharma
    1 hour ago















up vote
1
down vote

favorite
1









up vote
1
down vote

favorite
1






1






Let f be a polynomial satisfying $f(x^2)-xf(x) = x^4(x^2-1), x in R^+$. Then which of the following is correct?

A) f is an even function

B) f is an odd function

C) $lim_{xto infty} frac{f(x)}{x^3}=1$

D $lim_{xto infty} bigg(frac{f(x)}{x^2}-x bigg)$ exist and is equal to a non-zero quantity.




I have no idea what to do here.



Looking at the options, one thing I could guess is that the question wants us to find $f(x)$. After an analysis of few minutes, I could guess $f(x) = x^3$. But that gives me the answer as B), C). But the answer given is just C).



Any help would be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Tony is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












Let f be a polynomial satisfying $f(x^2)-xf(x) = x^4(x^2-1), x in R^+$. Then which of the following is correct?

A) f is an even function

B) f is an odd function

C) $lim_{xto infty} frac{f(x)}{x^3}=1$

D $lim_{xto infty} bigg(frac{f(x)}{x^2}-x bigg)$ exist and is equal to a non-zero quantity.




I have no idea what to do here.



Looking at the options, one thing I could guess is that the question wants us to find $f(x)$. After an analysis of few minutes, I could guess $f(x) = x^3$. But that gives me the answer as B), C). But the answer given is just C).



Any help would be appreciated.







calculus limits functions even-and-odd-functions






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Tony is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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share|cite|improve this question







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Check out our Code of Conduct.









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asked 1 hour ago









Tony

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New contributor





Tony is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






Tony is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












  • To ay that B) is true it is not enough to give one example. There may be other solutions which are not odd.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    Check the condition that says this polynomial is only satisfied when $x epsilon R^+$. So you don't know if the function is odd or not.
    – Sauhard Sharma
    1 hour ago




















  • To ay that B) is true it is not enough to give one example. There may be other solutions which are not odd.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    Check the condition that says this polynomial is only satisfied when $x epsilon R^+$. So you don't know if the function is odd or not.
    – Sauhard Sharma
    1 hour ago


















To ay that B) is true it is not enough to give one example. There may be other solutions which are not odd.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
1 hour ago




To ay that B) is true it is not enough to give one example. There may be other solutions which are not odd.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
1 hour ago




1




1




Check the condition that says this polynomial is only satisfied when $x epsilon R^+$. So you don't know if the function is odd or not.
– Sauhard Sharma
1 hour ago






Check the condition that says this polynomial is only satisfied when $x epsilon R^+$. So you don't know if the function is odd or not.
– Sauhard Sharma
1 hour ago












2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
5
down vote



accepted










Some questions have been raised in the comments about my answer below. A polynomial on $mathbb R$ which satisfies the given functional equation on $[0,infty)$ necessarily has the form $ax+x^{3}$ on that interval. But then it must have the same form on all of $mathbb R$. So I think the answer below is correct.



Look at the degree of the polynomial. If $f$ has degree $n$ then LHS has degree $2n$ and RHS has degree $6$. Hence $f$ is a polynomial of degree 3. The constant term is $0$ because $f(0)=0$. Show that the term in $x^{2}$ also must vanish because $xf(x)=f(x^{2})-x^{6}+x^{4}$ is a polynomial with only even powers of $x$. I guess you can take it from here. [All solutions are of the form $ax+x^{3}$]. Final anwser: A) and D) are false (the limit in D) exists but it is $0$); B) and C) are true.






share|cite|improve this answer























  • But the answer given is C).
    – Tony
    56 mins ago










  • I double checked my solution and it looks right. I think the answer given is wrong.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    52 mins ago










  • See Sauhard Sharma's comment. Can that be an explanation?
    – Tony
    43 mins ago












  • @Kavi One doubt: If a function gas the set of domain restricted to positive reals only, then how can we judge abouts odd character. I mean we can't do $f(-x) =-f(x)$ (taking x as positive) as it is not permissible for $f(x)$ to obtain negative value of x as its domain. Am I right? Or, am I missing something obvious?
    – jayant98
    41 mins ago










  • @jayant98 Please see the comments I have added to my answer. The equation is supposed to be satisfied only for $x$ positive but the polynomial is defined on the whole line and it is uniquely determined by its values on $[0,infty)$. So the question does make sense.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    8 mins ago




















up vote
0
down vote













To expand on @KaviRamaMurthy's answer:
Let $f=sum^n a_kx^k$ where $a_nne 0$ for $xge 0$. Then
$$sum a_kx^{2k}-sum a_kx^{k+1}=x^6-x^4$$
$$sum a_kx^{2k}=sum a_kx^{k+1}+x^6-x^4$$
So $2nin [0,n+1]cup{6}$ which means $nle 1$ or $n=3$. So
$$f=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+b_3x^3$$ for $xge 0$. And then
$$b_0+b_1x^2+b_2x^4+b_3x^6=b_0x+b_1x^2+b_2x^3+b_3x^4+x^6-x^4$$
which means $b_3=1$ and then $b_2=0$: $b_1$ is unconstrained and $b_0=0$:
$$f(x)=x^3+b_1x.$$



The only way (B) can hold is if they meant




for $xin R^+$, $f$ is equal to a polynomial such that... but $f$ need not be a polynomial on all of $R$.







share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Any polynomial is defined on the whole real line (in fact the whole complex plane). The functional equation is given only on the positive real axis and that is enough to determine all solutions of the equation.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    5 mins ago











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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes








up vote
5
down vote



accepted










Some questions have been raised in the comments about my answer below. A polynomial on $mathbb R$ which satisfies the given functional equation on $[0,infty)$ necessarily has the form $ax+x^{3}$ on that interval. But then it must have the same form on all of $mathbb R$. So I think the answer below is correct.



Look at the degree of the polynomial. If $f$ has degree $n$ then LHS has degree $2n$ and RHS has degree $6$. Hence $f$ is a polynomial of degree 3. The constant term is $0$ because $f(0)=0$. Show that the term in $x^{2}$ also must vanish because $xf(x)=f(x^{2})-x^{6}+x^{4}$ is a polynomial with only even powers of $x$. I guess you can take it from here. [All solutions are of the form $ax+x^{3}$]. Final anwser: A) and D) are false (the limit in D) exists but it is $0$); B) and C) are true.






share|cite|improve this answer























  • But the answer given is C).
    – Tony
    56 mins ago










  • I double checked my solution and it looks right. I think the answer given is wrong.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    52 mins ago










  • See Sauhard Sharma's comment. Can that be an explanation?
    – Tony
    43 mins ago












  • @Kavi One doubt: If a function gas the set of domain restricted to positive reals only, then how can we judge abouts odd character. I mean we can't do $f(-x) =-f(x)$ (taking x as positive) as it is not permissible for $f(x)$ to obtain negative value of x as its domain. Am I right? Or, am I missing something obvious?
    – jayant98
    41 mins ago










  • @jayant98 Please see the comments I have added to my answer. The equation is supposed to be satisfied only for $x$ positive but the polynomial is defined on the whole line and it is uniquely determined by its values on $[0,infty)$. So the question does make sense.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    8 mins ago

















up vote
5
down vote



accepted










Some questions have been raised in the comments about my answer below. A polynomial on $mathbb R$ which satisfies the given functional equation on $[0,infty)$ necessarily has the form $ax+x^{3}$ on that interval. But then it must have the same form on all of $mathbb R$. So I think the answer below is correct.



Look at the degree of the polynomial. If $f$ has degree $n$ then LHS has degree $2n$ and RHS has degree $6$. Hence $f$ is a polynomial of degree 3. The constant term is $0$ because $f(0)=0$. Show that the term in $x^{2}$ also must vanish because $xf(x)=f(x^{2})-x^{6}+x^{4}$ is a polynomial with only even powers of $x$. I guess you can take it from here. [All solutions are of the form $ax+x^{3}$]. Final anwser: A) and D) are false (the limit in D) exists but it is $0$); B) and C) are true.






share|cite|improve this answer























  • But the answer given is C).
    – Tony
    56 mins ago










  • I double checked my solution and it looks right. I think the answer given is wrong.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    52 mins ago










  • See Sauhard Sharma's comment. Can that be an explanation?
    – Tony
    43 mins ago












  • @Kavi One doubt: If a function gas the set of domain restricted to positive reals only, then how can we judge abouts odd character. I mean we can't do $f(-x) =-f(x)$ (taking x as positive) as it is not permissible for $f(x)$ to obtain negative value of x as its domain. Am I right? Or, am I missing something obvious?
    – jayant98
    41 mins ago










  • @jayant98 Please see the comments I have added to my answer. The equation is supposed to be satisfied only for $x$ positive but the polynomial is defined on the whole line and it is uniquely determined by its values on $[0,infty)$. So the question does make sense.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    8 mins ago















up vote
5
down vote



accepted







up vote
5
down vote



accepted






Some questions have been raised in the comments about my answer below. A polynomial on $mathbb R$ which satisfies the given functional equation on $[0,infty)$ necessarily has the form $ax+x^{3}$ on that interval. But then it must have the same form on all of $mathbb R$. So I think the answer below is correct.



Look at the degree of the polynomial. If $f$ has degree $n$ then LHS has degree $2n$ and RHS has degree $6$. Hence $f$ is a polynomial of degree 3. The constant term is $0$ because $f(0)=0$. Show that the term in $x^{2}$ also must vanish because $xf(x)=f(x^{2})-x^{6}+x^{4}$ is a polynomial with only even powers of $x$. I guess you can take it from here. [All solutions are of the form $ax+x^{3}$]. Final anwser: A) and D) are false (the limit in D) exists but it is $0$); B) and C) are true.






share|cite|improve this answer














Some questions have been raised in the comments about my answer below. A polynomial on $mathbb R$ which satisfies the given functional equation on $[0,infty)$ necessarily has the form $ax+x^{3}$ on that interval. But then it must have the same form on all of $mathbb R$. So I think the answer below is correct.



Look at the degree of the polynomial. If $f$ has degree $n$ then LHS has degree $2n$ and RHS has degree $6$. Hence $f$ is a polynomial of degree 3. The constant term is $0$ because $f(0)=0$. Show that the term in $x^{2}$ also must vanish because $xf(x)=f(x^{2})-x^{6}+x^{4}$ is a polynomial with only even powers of $x$. I guess you can take it from here. [All solutions are of the form $ax+x^{3}$]. Final anwser: A) and D) are false (the limit in D) exists but it is $0$); B) and C) are true.







share|cite|improve this answer














share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited 10 mins ago

























answered 1 hour ago









Kavi Rama Murthy

48.2k31854




48.2k31854












  • But the answer given is C).
    – Tony
    56 mins ago










  • I double checked my solution and it looks right. I think the answer given is wrong.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    52 mins ago










  • See Sauhard Sharma's comment. Can that be an explanation?
    – Tony
    43 mins ago












  • @Kavi One doubt: If a function gas the set of domain restricted to positive reals only, then how can we judge abouts odd character. I mean we can't do $f(-x) =-f(x)$ (taking x as positive) as it is not permissible for $f(x)$ to obtain negative value of x as its domain. Am I right? Or, am I missing something obvious?
    – jayant98
    41 mins ago










  • @jayant98 Please see the comments I have added to my answer. The equation is supposed to be satisfied only for $x$ positive but the polynomial is defined on the whole line and it is uniquely determined by its values on $[0,infty)$. So the question does make sense.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    8 mins ago




















  • But the answer given is C).
    – Tony
    56 mins ago










  • I double checked my solution and it looks right. I think the answer given is wrong.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    52 mins ago










  • See Sauhard Sharma's comment. Can that be an explanation?
    – Tony
    43 mins ago












  • @Kavi One doubt: If a function gas the set of domain restricted to positive reals only, then how can we judge abouts odd character. I mean we can't do $f(-x) =-f(x)$ (taking x as positive) as it is not permissible for $f(x)$ to obtain negative value of x as its domain. Am I right? Or, am I missing something obvious?
    – jayant98
    41 mins ago










  • @jayant98 Please see the comments I have added to my answer. The equation is supposed to be satisfied only for $x$ positive but the polynomial is defined on the whole line and it is uniquely determined by its values on $[0,infty)$. So the question does make sense.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    8 mins ago


















But the answer given is C).
– Tony
56 mins ago




But the answer given is C).
– Tony
56 mins ago












I double checked my solution and it looks right. I think the answer given is wrong.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
52 mins ago




I double checked my solution and it looks right. I think the answer given is wrong.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
52 mins ago












See Sauhard Sharma's comment. Can that be an explanation?
– Tony
43 mins ago






See Sauhard Sharma's comment. Can that be an explanation?
– Tony
43 mins ago














@Kavi One doubt: If a function gas the set of domain restricted to positive reals only, then how can we judge abouts odd character. I mean we can't do $f(-x) =-f(x)$ (taking x as positive) as it is not permissible for $f(x)$ to obtain negative value of x as its domain. Am I right? Or, am I missing something obvious?
– jayant98
41 mins ago




@Kavi One doubt: If a function gas the set of domain restricted to positive reals only, then how can we judge abouts odd character. I mean we can't do $f(-x) =-f(x)$ (taking x as positive) as it is not permissible for $f(x)$ to obtain negative value of x as its domain. Am I right? Or, am I missing something obvious?
– jayant98
41 mins ago












@jayant98 Please see the comments I have added to my answer. The equation is supposed to be satisfied only for $x$ positive but the polynomial is defined on the whole line and it is uniquely determined by its values on $[0,infty)$. So the question does make sense.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
8 mins ago






@jayant98 Please see the comments I have added to my answer. The equation is supposed to be satisfied only for $x$ positive but the polynomial is defined on the whole line and it is uniquely determined by its values on $[0,infty)$. So the question does make sense.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
8 mins ago












up vote
0
down vote













To expand on @KaviRamaMurthy's answer:
Let $f=sum^n a_kx^k$ where $a_nne 0$ for $xge 0$. Then
$$sum a_kx^{2k}-sum a_kx^{k+1}=x^6-x^4$$
$$sum a_kx^{2k}=sum a_kx^{k+1}+x^6-x^4$$
So $2nin [0,n+1]cup{6}$ which means $nle 1$ or $n=3$. So
$$f=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+b_3x^3$$ for $xge 0$. And then
$$b_0+b_1x^2+b_2x^4+b_3x^6=b_0x+b_1x^2+b_2x^3+b_3x^4+x^6-x^4$$
which means $b_3=1$ and then $b_2=0$: $b_1$ is unconstrained and $b_0=0$:
$$f(x)=x^3+b_1x.$$



The only way (B) can hold is if they meant




for $xin R^+$, $f$ is equal to a polynomial such that... but $f$ need not be a polynomial on all of $R$.







share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Any polynomial is defined on the whole real line (in fact the whole complex plane). The functional equation is given only on the positive real axis and that is enough to determine all solutions of the equation.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    5 mins ago















up vote
0
down vote













To expand on @KaviRamaMurthy's answer:
Let $f=sum^n a_kx^k$ where $a_nne 0$ for $xge 0$. Then
$$sum a_kx^{2k}-sum a_kx^{k+1}=x^6-x^4$$
$$sum a_kx^{2k}=sum a_kx^{k+1}+x^6-x^4$$
So $2nin [0,n+1]cup{6}$ which means $nle 1$ or $n=3$. So
$$f=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+b_3x^3$$ for $xge 0$. And then
$$b_0+b_1x^2+b_2x^4+b_3x^6=b_0x+b_1x^2+b_2x^3+b_3x^4+x^6-x^4$$
which means $b_3=1$ and then $b_2=0$: $b_1$ is unconstrained and $b_0=0$:
$$f(x)=x^3+b_1x.$$



The only way (B) can hold is if they meant




for $xin R^+$, $f$ is equal to a polynomial such that... but $f$ need not be a polynomial on all of $R$.







share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Any polynomial is defined on the whole real line (in fact the whole complex plane). The functional equation is given only on the positive real axis and that is enough to determine all solutions of the equation.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    5 mins ago













up vote
0
down vote










up vote
0
down vote









To expand on @KaviRamaMurthy's answer:
Let $f=sum^n a_kx^k$ where $a_nne 0$ for $xge 0$. Then
$$sum a_kx^{2k}-sum a_kx^{k+1}=x^6-x^4$$
$$sum a_kx^{2k}=sum a_kx^{k+1}+x^6-x^4$$
So $2nin [0,n+1]cup{6}$ which means $nle 1$ or $n=3$. So
$$f=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+b_3x^3$$ for $xge 0$. And then
$$b_0+b_1x^2+b_2x^4+b_3x^6=b_0x+b_1x^2+b_2x^3+b_3x^4+x^6-x^4$$
which means $b_3=1$ and then $b_2=0$: $b_1$ is unconstrained and $b_0=0$:
$$f(x)=x^3+b_1x.$$



The only way (B) can hold is if they meant




for $xin R^+$, $f$ is equal to a polynomial such that... but $f$ need not be a polynomial on all of $R$.







share|cite|improve this answer












To expand on @KaviRamaMurthy's answer:
Let $f=sum^n a_kx^k$ where $a_nne 0$ for $xge 0$. Then
$$sum a_kx^{2k}-sum a_kx^{k+1}=x^6-x^4$$
$$sum a_kx^{2k}=sum a_kx^{k+1}+x^6-x^4$$
So $2nin [0,n+1]cup{6}$ which means $nle 1$ or $n=3$. So
$$f=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+b_3x^3$$ for $xge 0$. And then
$$b_0+b_1x^2+b_2x^4+b_3x^6=b_0x+b_1x^2+b_2x^3+b_3x^4+x^6-x^4$$
which means $b_3=1$ and then $b_2=0$: $b_1$ is unconstrained and $b_0=0$:
$$f(x)=x^3+b_1x.$$



The only way (B) can hold is if they meant




for $xin R^+$, $f$ is equal to a polynomial such that... but $f$ need not be a polynomial on all of $R$.








share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered 39 mins ago









Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen

2,066818




2,066818












  • Any polynomial is defined on the whole real line (in fact the whole complex plane). The functional equation is given only on the positive real axis and that is enough to determine all solutions of the equation.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    5 mins ago


















  • Any polynomial is defined on the whole real line (in fact the whole complex plane). The functional equation is given only on the positive real axis and that is enough to determine all solutions of the equation.
    – Kavi Rama Murthy
    5 mins ago
















Any polynomial is defined on the whole real line (in fact the whole complex plane). The functional equation is given only on the positive real axis and that is enough to determine all solutions of the equation.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
5 mins ago




Any polynomial is defined on the whole real line (in fact the whole complex plane). The functional equation is given only on the positive real axis and that is enough to determine all solutions of the equation.
– Kavi Rama Murthy
5 mins ago










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Tony is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.













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